The original basis for existing candu designs was many years old, and all water reactors were under increasing competi tive market pressures from combined cycle gas turbines, with the need to. The lifetime capacity factor cf is the total gross generation tgg figure divided by the capacity cf divided by the total number of hours hrs from the time of first synchronization to that time, multiplied by 100. The candu reactor utilizes a pressure tube concept with heavy water moderator and coolant, natural uranium fuel and onpower refueling. Converter reactors with a thermal neutron spectrum. Candu inspection cnsc online canadian nuclear safety. Candu nuclear street nuclear power plant news, jobs. Candu reactor article about candu reactor by the free. Moderator inlet and outlet tubes direct the moderator through the calandria, then to the external heat exchanger for cooling.
Developer designer builder of the candu nuclear power reactor. Technical characteristics of the candu reactor dan galeriu and anca melintescu national institute for nuclear physics and engineering, romania. The term heavy water reactor is a catch all term as it includes a broad range of reactor designs running from the rmbk right the way over to. Candu plant computer systems the first candu reactor pickering a, unit 1, began commercial operation in 1971 at ontario hydros pickering a reactor site, just east of toronto. That way pdfreactor ensures you to convert html pages to pdf and achieve impeccable printing results. All canadian nuclear reactors are of the candu type but the.
Nuclear energy makes a significant contribution to the total electricity in canada. Pressurised heavy water reactor phwr technology conceptual development making a power reactor with natural uraniumbest fissile utilisation per ton of mined uranium heavy water moderator channel type reactor continuous bidirectional fuelling versatility for use of different fuel cycle 6 natural uranium. Pressurized heavy water d2o coolant is circulated through the fuel channels and steam generators in a closed circuit. Jul 05, 20 the heavy water reactor produces more fissile plutonium then the light water reactor. The research and prototype reactors leading to the candu design are described with some of their principle technical parameters. The candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor of canadian design. In 1973, the pickering a nuclear generating station equipped with four candu reactors, produced more electricity than any nuclear power station in the world at that. Pdf thermalhydraulic aspects of progression to severe. Closeup of a replica of the core of the research reactor at the institut lauelangevin. Candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr that uses heavy water deuterium oxide d2o as a moderator and coolant, and natural uranium as its fuel. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear reactor chelsea liekhusschmaltz february 26, 20 submitted as coursework for ph241, stanford university, winter 20. Canadas first nuclear power reactor, called nuclear power demonstration, with a net capacity of 22 electrical megawatts, was started up in 1962. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss pressurized heavy water reactors r.
The buckling of the driver core is obtained by flux mapping. Abundant thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel mit. Many folks are concerned that plutonium is a direct bomb making isotope whereas uranium must be enriched to almost 90% u235, which is a much more complex process. Candu 6 reactors have systems to identify and locate defective fuel. As the writer recalls from discussions with the aecl nuclear power plant division designers in late 1958, a number of alternative ecc system arrangements were. A candu reactor requires, in total, between 460 and 592 metric tonnes 1 tonne kg of heavy water, a little more than half of this in the moderator and the rest in the pressurized coolant for example, a candu 6 reactor uses 265 metric tonnes in its moderator and 192 metric tonnes in its coolant. The candu canada deuterium uranium is a canadian pressurized heavy water reactor. The candu reactor has a modular core, made up of fuel channels. The candu reactor is the most versatile commercial power reactor in the world. Nuclear reactors are used as research tools, as systems for producing radioactive isotope s, and most prominently as energy sources for nuclear power plants.
Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear power. The basic parts of a nuclear reactor are the core, a moderator, control rods, a coolant, and shielding. If the setpoint is the desired reactor power output, then the control system adjusts the steam flow to the turbine by changing the opening of the governor valve, thereby altering the generators output, and the control system is said to be in reactor leading mode. All nuclear power plants in canada use the candu design a safe, reliable, reactor technology. Printer cart adm nde reinspection heads afcis aecl fuel channel inspection system adm. Nuclear reactor, any of a class of devices that can initiate and control a selfsustaining series of nuclear fission s. Introduction to reactor physics candu owners group. A list of existing candu and pressurised heavy water reactors phwrs is given in table i. This is several orders of magnitude greater than the energy produced by combustion. The average length of experience for our employees, in the printing industry, is over 15 years. Allow the content to bleed off the trim area through pdf page boxes. The first candu 6 plants went into service in the early 1980s as leadingedge technology, and the design has continuously evolved since to. December 31, 1969 every nuclear reactor is a disaster waiting to happen and candu reactors are no exception.
The temelin nuclear power plant, south bohemia, czech republic. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear. Candu, short for canada deuterium uranium, is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water as a moderator and coolant and natural uranium as a fuel source. The quality standard that atomic energy of canada ltd. Candu reactors were first developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between atomic energy of canada limited aecl. Candus have a number of serious technical, and safety problems, as well as the unique environmental problem of tritium emissions. Sartrex has twenty years experience in producing the candu safety shutdown system. The acronym refers to its deuterium oxide heavy water moderator and its use of originally, natural uranium fuel. Its construction began in 1974, it went into service in 1983, and was safely shut down in 2012. The combination of the staff from copypage and the new staff for candu graphics enables our company to offer superior service for any print project. Reasons for the choice of key parameters are given.
The candu is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr using heavy water deuterium as both a moderator and coolant. The four candu 6 units have each achieved high reliability figures, even after years of operation. This reflector also has an important effect on reactor dynamics because of its very long diffusion length. Canada has exported candu reactors to argentina, china, india, pakistan, romania, and south korea. Van drunen aecl reactor services meeting with the usnrc and cnsc 2002 december. All nuclear power plants in canada are powered by candu reactors. The gentilly2 candu 6 reactor is owned and operated by hydroquebec. Figure 11 illustrates how candu reactors produce electricity. Kuran vp, advanced fuel candu reactor workshop on advanced reactors, neaoecd paris, france, april 2017. There are various options for the driver fuel in addition to seu, such as. Candu graphics local print service shop in westlake. The candu reactor consists of the horizontal cylinder called the calandria. The candu canada deuterium uranium is a canadian pressurized heavywater reactor design used to generate electric power. Candu graphics is a provider of document printing in the southern california area.
Nuclear reactor types many different reactor systems have been proposed and some of these have been developed to prototype and commercial scale. Canadian utilities are no longer building candu reactors because of their high cost and poor performance. The development of the first candu reactor began in 1954 through a partnership between atomic energy of canada ltd. Week 2 dynamic characteristics of candu reactors 510 h. It combines features of the existing candu pressurised heavy water reactors phwr with features of lightwater cooled pressurized water reactors pwr. Candu stands for canadian deuterium uranium reactor playing on the north american boast of capability, can do. Heavy water reactors hwrs use heavy water d20 deuterium as opposed to hydrogen as both a moderator, and in many cases a coolant also. Candu stands for canada deuterium uranium, which reflects the key role of deuterium, or heavy water, which acts as. This study is based on the 675 mwe candu reactor operated at the gentilly2 power station in.
Pdf the progression of events that develop into an accident with severe fuel or core. Each fuel channel contains 12 or small fuel bundles, each of which is 50 cm long and 10 cm in diameter, and weighs about 24 kg. Risks of the candu reactor design introduction the candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor of canadian design. In fission, part of the mass of the original uranium nucleus is converted to energy. Chapter 2 genealogy of candu reactors prepared by dr. Design and construction of canadian advanced phwrs dr. For this purpose, many driver fuel candidates are considered. Pwr reactor pressure vessels 10, pwr reactor vessel internals 11 and metal components of bwr containment systems 12. Six types of reactor magnox, agr, pwr, bwr, candu and rbmk have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. Candu6 fuel optimization for advanced cycles sciencedirect.
To these features may be added a fourth, onpower refuelling. Nuclear fission and types of water in steam separators positioned above the core, nuclear reactor like all other thermal power plants, nuclear reactors work by generating heat, which boils water to produce steam to drive the turbogenerators. Nuclear power plant safety systems canadian nuclear safety. Candu fuel and reactor specifics nuclear tourist candu fuel rods and bundles. Pdf 1 introduction this paper outlines the continuous evolution of the candu reactor and the premise and promise of the candu design. The candu canada deuterium uranium reactor is a pressurized heavy water reactor phwr designed and built by canadian nuclear laboratories since the 1950s. The history and current state of canadas candu nuclear reactor. Pressurized heavy water reactors, candu reactors, reactor core, fuel elements. Profiling the potential for hydrogen fuel reliable, clean and affordable energy is key to human progress and to attaining a better quality of life for all people. The candu allows more local input in nations that do not have the capability to cast a pressure vessel. Candu 6 is our 700 mwe class nuclear power reactor. Candu reactors are designed to be refueled without being shut down. Its a canadiandesigned power reactor of phwr type pressurized heavy water reactor that uses heavy water deuterium oxide for moderator and coolant, and natural uranium for fuel.
The heavy water reactor produces more fissile plutonium then the light water reactor. The candu reactor was designed by atomic energy canada limited as an alternative to other reactor designs which use slightly enriched uranium 25% u235. Candu fuel is produced in smaller and simpler units than those typical of lwrs, potentially reducing the fabrication cost, which is a substantial fraction of the total cost of mox use. It is needed to run our industry, our businesses and our homes, and it. It enables those new to candu to learn about candu as an overall system and to pursue specialized topics in depth. Assessment and management of ageing of major nuclear. The candu reactor core is a horizontal cylinder known as a calandria. Core damage progression in candu reactor beyonddesignbasis accidents. The heat transport system hts circulates the coolant through the reactor to remove the heat of fission from the fuel. Heavy water versus light water in ontario nuclear war.
Candu fuel cycle advantages operational reactors nue candu reactor inherent safety features new build reactors afcr future with water coolant dr. Convert html to pdf, html to pdf converter pdfreactor. The name candu reactor is short for canadian deuterium uranium reactor. Atomic energy of canada limited aecl developed the candu reactor technology starting in the 1950s. Candu fundamentals ii 3 radioactivity spontaneous nuclear processes 19. Part 5 heavy water and candu reactors daryanenergyblog. Candu heavy water reactors use natural uranium, of which 0. Candu reactors produce electricity through a process known as fission. It is needed to run our industry, our businesses and our homes, and it is critical for our transportation requirements. Some of the design features and unique characteristics of the candu reactor are. A candu nuclear reactor is a horizontal pressure tube fission power reactor developed by atomic energy of canada limited aecl to meet canadian energy production needs and circumstances. Neutron migration area reactor size affects the spatial stability of power generation in any fission reactor. In a nuclear reactor, the heat is the product of nuclear fission. Important thorium reactor configurations include molten salt, candu, and triso.
Candu reactors were first developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between atomic energy. This project is part of bruce powers life extension program, which will allow bruce powers candu units to continue to operate safely through to 2064, the 23 days ago save job more. The energy produced per single fission is 200 mev 3. The fission heat produced in the fuel is transferred to heavy water coolant flowing through the fuel channels. Chaplin department of chemical engineering, university of new brunswick, canada keywords.
In the manual selection mode, the user specifies in input to the program. This chapter discusses the historical beginnings and evolution of the candu reactor. Fission is the process of splitting atoms of natural uranium inside the reactor, releasing radiation and heat. Nuclear fuel is material used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines. Nuclear power plant systems and operation candu owners group. The two candu reactor models developed for the origen2 computer code are fueled. Candu canada deuteriumuranium key candu characteristics pressure tubes containing fuel bundles located in cylindrical, low pressure moderator tank or calandria heavy water moderated natural uranium candus are heavy water cooled advanced candu reactor acr is light water cooled 43 units based on the candu.
Candu nuclear power stations have consistently proven to be competitive with other types of nuclear power plants, while offering unique advantages to their operators. Sartrex fully satisfies these requirements with the aid of its quality assurance team and strict quality policy. Candu reactor is a type of nuclear reactor which was developed in canada, and is currently used in nuclear power plants for electrical generation in various countries around the world. All canadian nuclear reactors are of the candu type but the reactor has also been marketed abroad until october 2011 aecl marketed and.